A manifestation may have one or more identifiers associated with it. The identifier may be assigned as part of an international numbering or coding system (e.g., ISBN, etc.), as part of a national system (e.g., legal deposit number), or it may be assigned independently by the publisher or distributor of the manifestation (e.g., government publication number, music publisher's number, clearinghouse inventory number, etc.). A manifestation identifier may also be assigned by a bibliographer, musicologist, etc. The manifestation identifier may comprise both a numeric component and a textual or coded component identifying the system under which it was assigned and, or, the agency or individual that assigned the number, so as to render the identifier unique to the manifestation.